Nuclear-heavy power keeps ETS exposure low; heavy industry pays the EU price.
National carbon tax (contribution climat-énergie) €44.60/t — frozen since 2018; fuels outside EU ETS.
At the EU ETS price of €80.01/t, this CO2 corresponds to an indicative carbon value of:
| Facility | Sector | t CO2/yr (est. 2023) | Gross value (full) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ArcelorMittal Dunkerque steel plant | 8,859,539 | €667.7M | |
| ArcelorMittal Méditerranée Fos sur Mer steel plant | 4,780,174 | €360.2M | |
| Saint-Égrève Cement Plant | 1,120,742 | €84.5M | |
| INEOS, Lavera | 927,870 | €69.9M | |
| Ottmarsheim Fertilizers | 885,886 | €66.8M |
Gross value = all tracked CO2 × the carbon price; it is a ranking aid, not a liability. Emissions: Climate TRACE satellite estimates (2023) — indicative, not verified declarations. CBAM falls only on emissions embedded in EU-bound exports, at the phased-in share (2.5% in 2026 → 100% by 2034). More: IndustryAtlas.
Cut the bill at the source: heat-loss elimination via removable insulation typically saves 2–5% of fuel-related CO2 with <2-year payback — run the savings study or read the industrial insulation guide.
Share of industrial emissions EU plants must PAY for (free allocation phased out). Source: Regulation (EU) 2023/956.
