At the ≈€45/t soft-cap level: roughly €9 per MWh of natural gas (0.2 t/MWh × €45) added to bills from 2027.
From our guide: ETS2 Explained — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: