A tax fixes the price and lets emissions vary (Sweden ≈€115/t); an ETS fixes the emissions cap and lets the price vary (EU ETS). Roughly 43 taxes and 37 ETS operate worldwide (World Bank 2025).
From our guide: Carbon Pricing & CBAM — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: