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Question

Who physically pays CBAM — exporter or importer?

Answer

The EU importer (as 'authorised CBAM declarant') buys and surrenders certificates. Commercially the cost flows into the trade price, so exporters feel it in negotiations.

From our guide: Carbon Pricing & CBAM — full context, charts and sources there.

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How this page is built: heat-loss figures follow ASTM C680 / ISO 12241 (the method behind our public calculators); facility emissions from Climate TRACE & EU ETS verified data across 30,000+ industrial sites; the 2026–2034 schedule is Regulation (EU) 2023/956, not a forecast. Published by Inzonex Research. Spotted an error? Tell us — we correct on evidence.
Source: Inzonex Carbon Hub — inzonex.co.uk/carbon · prices dated as shown on each figure · schedule per Regulation (EU) 2023/956 · indicative analytics, not compliance advice.