The EU importer (as 'authorised CBAM declarant') buys and surrenders certificates. Commercially the cost flows into the trade price, so exporters feel it in negotiations.
From our guide: Carbon Pricing & CBAM — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: