≈0.5–0.9 t CO2 per tonne of cement depending on clinker ratio and fuel mix; ≈0.7 is a typical world figure (GNR/IEA). The EU ETS benchmark pushes toward the low end.
From our guide: Decarbonizing Cement — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: