Audited plants without a recent water programme typically find 10–30% of water cost in metering gaps, leaks, once-through cooling, washdown practice and reuse opportunities (UK Envirowise/WRAP programme practice; US DOE industrial-assessment aggregates report water savings alongside energy). Water bills hide a multiplier: you pay for supply, treatment, heating (often the largest hidden cost) AND effluent discharge.
From our guide: Industrial Water Efficiency — full context, charts and sources there.
