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Ranking · industries

The most carbon-intensive industries

Direct emissions per unit of product, ranked — the league table of who has the hardest decarbonization job.

Hydrogen production9 t / t H2
Ammonia & fertilizers2 t / t NH3
Steel — BF-BOF (integrated)1.9 t / t steel
Aluminium1.6 t / t Al
Lime1.2 t / t lime
Petrochemicals1 t / t HVC
Power — coal0.95 t / MWh
Cement0.7 t / t cement
Automotive manufacturing0.6 t / vehicle
Glass0.55 t / t glass
Pharmaceuticals0.5 t / t API-eq
Pulp & paper0.45 t / t paper
Steel — EAF (electric arc)0.4 t / t steel
Textiles & dyeing0.4 t / t fabric
Power — gas (CCGT)0.37 t / MWh
Food processing0.3 t / t product
LNG & gas processing0.3 t / t LNG
Oil refining0.25 t / t crude
Ceramics & bricks0.25 t / t product
Sugar0.25 t / t sugar
District heating0.25 t / MWh heat
Dairy processing0.15 t / t milk
Brewing0.01 t / hl beer

Typical direct-emission intensities per industry page (sources on each page: IEA, worldsteel, IAI, GNR, sector associations). Units differ by product — this ranks intensity per natural unit, not comparability per euro of output.

Click any industry for its full pathway: all 23 industry pages →

⬇ This ranking (CSV)🖨 PDF for management
How this page is built: heat-loss figures follow ASTM C680 / ISO 12241 (the method behind our public calculators); facility emissions from Climate TRACE & EU ETS verified data across 30,000+ industrial sites; the 2026–2034 schedule is Regulation (EU) 2023/956, not a forecast. Published by Inzonex — manufacturer of modular removable insulation (UK Patent GB2508992.1). Spotted an error? Tell us — we correct on evidence.
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Source: Inzonex Carbon Hub — inzonex.co.uk/carbon · prices dated as shown on each figure · schedule per Regulation (EU) 2023/956 · indicative analytics, not compliance advice.