Supply falls by law (cap −4.3%/yr) while industrial demand for purchased allowances rises ~20× to 2034 — the schedule itself is bullish unless demand collapses.
From our guide: EU Carbon Price Forecast 2030 — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: