2.5–5 depending on lift (source vs sink temperature). Below COP ~2.5 against cheap gas, the case usually needs a carbon price — which is exactly what's arriving.
From our guide: Industrial heat pumps — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: