What COP should I expect?

Answer

2.5–5 depending on lift (source vs sink temperature). Below COP ~2.5 against cheap gas, the case usually needs a carbon price — which is exactly what's arriving.

From our guide: Industrial heat pumps — full context, charts and sources there.

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How this page is built: heat-loss figures follow ASTM C680 / ISO 12241 (the method behind our public calculators); facility emissions from Climate TRACE & EU ETS verified data across 30,000+ industrial sites; the 2026–2034 schedule is Regulation (EU) 2023/956, not a forecast. Published by Inzonex Research. Spotted an error? Tell us — we correct on evidence.

Source: Inzonex Carbon Hub — inzonex.co.uk/carbon · prices dated as shown on each figure · schedule per Regulation (EU) 2023/956 · indicative analytics, not compliance advice.