Commission-published fallback emission intensities per product, used when no verified actual data is supplied. They are deliberately conservative — often based on worst-performing EU installations plus a mark-up.
From our guide: CBAM Default Values Explained — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: