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Question

How much CO2 does a tonne of steel emit?

Answer

BF-BOF (integrated): ≈1.8–2.2 t CO2/t. Scrap-based EAF: ≈0.4 t/t direct (grid-dependent for indirect). The gap is the route, not operator skill — which is why scrap availability is strategic.

From our guide: Decarbonizing Steel — full context, charts and sources there.

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How this page is built: heat-loss figures follow ASTM C680 / ISO 12241 (the method behind our public calculators); facility emissions from Climate TRACE & EU ETS verified data across 30,000+ industrial sites; the 2026–2034 schedule is Regulation (EU) 2023/956, not a forecast. Published by Inzonex Research. Spotted an error? Tell us — we correct on evidence.
Source: Inzonex Carbon Hub — inzonex.co.uk/carbon · prices dated as shown on each figure · schedule per Regulation (EU) 2023/956 · indicative analytics, not compliance advice.