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BF-BOF (integrated): ≈1.8–2.2 t CO2/t. Scrap-based EAF: ≈0.4 t/t direct (grid-dependent for indirect). The gap is the route, not operator skill — which is why scrap availability is strategic.
De nuestra guía: Descarbonización del acero — contexto completo, gráficos y fuentes allí.