≈0.5–1.2 GJ/t milk for liquid plants; powder multiplies it (evaporation+drying). Energy → CO2 at the site's fuel factor — all of it abatable.
From our guide: Decarbonizing Dairy processing — full context, charts and sources there.
Boilers, kilns, heat exchangers, valves and steam lines lose energy continuously. Inzonex makes patented (UK GB2508992.1) removable modular insulation — snap-fastened covers engineered per temperature tier, not generic off-the-shelf jackets: