{
  "version": "2026-08-28",
  "title": "Data-centre electricity: 2026 evidence",
  "scope": "Selected published annual electricity estimates, projections and metered statistics for all data centres, not AI alone. This is a source comparison, not a new demand forecast.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "iea-2025",
      "publisher": "IEA",
      "title": "Energy and AI",
      "published": "2025-04-10",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary",
      "method_url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai",
      "rights": "Report: CC BY 4.0; selected published headline figures, not the separately licensed data product.",
      "locator": "Executive summary: 2024 consumption and 2030 Base Case."
    },
    {
      "id": "iea-2026",
      "publisher": "IEA",
      "title": "Key Questions on Energy and AI",
      "published": "2026-04-16",
      "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai/executive-summary",
      "method_url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai",
      "rights": "Report: CC BY 4.0; selected published headline figures, not the separately licensed data product.",
      "locator": "Executive summary: updated data-centre electricity demand outlook."
    },
    {
      "id": "lbnl-2026",
      "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory",
      "title": "United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update",
      "published": "2026-06",
      "url": "https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy-2025",
      "method_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33m6w3x0",
      "rights": "Selected factual headline estimates with attribution; no redistribution of the report or its underlying model.",
      "locator": "Publication abstract: Reference Case and Compounded Uncertainty scenarios. Publication month is the precision supplied by the record."
    },
    {
      "id": "cso-2026",
      "publisher": "Central Statistics Office, Ireland",
      "title": "Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025",
      "published": "2026-07-07",
      "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/",
      "method_url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/backgroundnotes/",
      "rights": "CSO statistics, CC BY 4.0; annual totals reproduced with attribution and converted from GWh to TWh.",
      "locator": "Table 1, annual Data Centre column. Publication year confirmed by the statistician's comment and PxStat update timestamp; the page's release-header year is inconsistent."
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "id": "global-2024-iea2025",
      "region": "Global",
      "year": 2024,
      "source_id": "iea-2025",
      "status": "Estimate",
      "scenario": "Historical estimate",
      "value": 415,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 415,
      "boundary": "All data-centre electricity; global modelled estimate."
    },
    {
      "id": "global-2030-iea2025",
      "region": "Global",
      "year": 2030,
      "source_id": "iea-2025",
      "status": "Projection",
      "scenario": "Base Case",
      "value": 945,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 945,
      "boundary": "All data-centre electricity; global projection."
    },
    {
      "id": "global-2025-iea2026",
      "region": "Global",
      "year": 2025,
      "source_id": "iea-2026",
      "status": "Estimate",
      "scenario": "Historical estimate",
      "value": 485,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 485,
      "boundary": "All data-centre electricity; global modelled estimate."
    },
    {
      "id": "global-2030-iea2026",
      "region": "Global",
      "year": 2030,
      "source_id": "iea-2026",
      "status": "Projection",
      "scenario": "Central projection",
      "value": 950,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 950,
      "boundary": "All data-centre electricity; global projection."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-2030-low",
      "region": "United States",
      "year": 2030,
      "source_id": "lbnl-2026",
      "status": "Projection",
      "scenario": "Compounded Uncertainty: low",
      "value": 521,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 521,
      "boundary": "US bottom-up data-centre model; scenario bound, not a confidence interval."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-2030-reference",
      "region": "United States",
      "year": 2030,
      "source_id": "lbnl-2026",
      "status": "Projection",
      "scenario": "Reference Case",
      "value": 649,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 649,
      "boundary": "US bottom-up data-centre model; reference assumptions."
    },
    {
      "id": "us-2030-high",
      "region": "United States",
      "year": 2030,
      "source_id": "lbnl-2026",
      "status": "Projection",
      "scenario": "Compounded Uncertainty: high",
      "value": 843,
      "unit": "TWh",
      "twh": 843,
      "boundary": "US bottom-up data-centre model; scenario bound, not a confidence interval."
    },
    {
      "id": "ireland-2015",
      "region": "Ireland",
      "year": 2015,
      "source_id": "cso-2026",
      "status": "Metered",
      "scenario": "Published annual total",
      "value": 1240,
      "unit": "GWh",
      "twh": 1.24,
      "boundary": "Mains electricity meters identified by CSO as primarily data-centre activity; subject to revision."
    },
    {
      "id": "ireland-2024",
      "region": "Ireland",
      "year": 2024,
      "source_id": "cso-2026",
      "status": "Metered",
      "scenario": "Revised annual total",
      "value": 6973,
      "unit": "GWh",
      "twh": 6.973,
      "boundary": "Mains electricity meters identified by CSO as primarily data-centre activity; subject to revision."
    },
    {
      "id": "ireland-2025",
      "region": "Ireland",
      "year": 2025,
      "source_id": "cso-2026",
      "status": "Metered",
      "scenario": "Published annual total",
      "value": 7663,
      "unit": "GWh",
      "twh": 7.663,
      "boundary": "Mains electricity meters identified by CSO as primarily data-centre activity; subject to revision."
    }
  ]
}